╨╧рб▒с>■  FH■   E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ье┴'` Ё┐нbjbjы╚ы╚ 46ЙвЙвн      дааааааа┤№№№№T┤з°xxxxxxxx&(((((($Яh!rLаxxxxxLааxxa222xОаxаx&2x&22аа2xl PЄwO╣є╔№"2ТФw0з2y!(y!228y!аj(xx2xxxxxLL( xxxзxxxx┤┤┤д Xд ┤┤┤X┤┤┤аааааа     Progeny Testing of Alpacas The relationship between traits exhibited by any sire or dam and the traits of their progeny is indeed a fickle affair, causing untold frustration for those determined to breed their СidealТ alpaca. Firstly, there is the issue of whether the desired traits of the breeding sire or dam are being influenced by genetics or by environmental factors. In the latter case, the predictability of whether the parentТs traits shall pass on to their progeny becomes (almost) purely a matter of luck. Furthermore, there are those traits that have low heritability. Traits with low heritability may be present in the animals genes (its genotype), but these traits will have little influence on its appearance (phenotype). When selecting a breeding sire or dam, it is often not the case that Сwhat you see is what you get. Please donТt get me wrong Ц in some cases, predictability of parents being able to pass on traits to offspring can be over 50%. The point I make though, is that we can do much better. СWithin herd (or mob) Progeny TestingТ is a strategy that has proven its worth in most animal husbandry industries. Progeny testing is a standard procedure with cattle and horse studs. It is now being adopted by many sheep studs, although due to the nature of sheep breeding, this can be problematic. The nature of alpaca breeding is well suited to this type of testing strategy. Progeny testing would mainly be carried out by large operations as it requires a statistically significant number of progeny from each sire or dam. The progeny from one season would be tested for heritable traits such as average fibre diameter, variation of fibre diameter, fleece weight etc within the herd. The respective progenyТs sire (and perhaps, the dam) are also recorded. The next step is to load the data onto a spreadsheet, sort according to sire (or dam Ц or both), then table the relevant averages. ItТs that simple Ц sort of. The catch is that to effectively compare progeny, they should be raised under similar conditions and tested as similar age groups. Further, as mentioned, a significant number of progeny for each sire (or dam) is required to make sense of the averages. Our fibre testing service has carried out a number of Within Herd Progeny Testing programs for alpaca breeders over the past 24 months. An example of such a program is summarized in the following table. SireAvgas FDSDUFWCountSire A20.44.01.112Sire B21.64.51.223Sire C22.34.41.318Sire D20.84.2.921Sire E19.95.01.118Sire F19.24.11.29Total Avg20.74.41.1а Avg FD = Average fibre diameter, expressed in microns SD = Standard deviation of fibre diameter expressed in microns UFW = Unskirted fleece weight expressed in kilos Count = number of progeny tested for that sire. As all the sires have varied ages, comparing their fleece statistics serve little purpose. Clearly, however, their value as breeding stock is evident by the above figures. It should be noted that the owner had paid a considerable sum for sire E, not realizing he would be responsible for breeding alpacas with much higher variation in fibre diameter. In fact it was later noticed that his progeny exhibited harsh handling fleeces. Furthermore, sire D was purchased based on his low fibre diameter test results. However, he appears to be consistently breeding alpacas with above average fibre diameter for the herd. Sire F was a rather pleasant surprise package, Our testing service has conducted progeny testing in the alpaca industry for 2 years, and the wool industry for 8 years. From our experiences, there is significant repeatability of progeny test figures over the years for respective sires. In other words, the whole thing seems to work Ц we can tell how effective breeding stock are even with the excess baggage of genetic ambiguity. By accumulating this information, large scale breeders can identify the more effective breeding stock as well as use the information to market these alpacas as is the case of the thoroughbred and stud cattle/sheep industries. In addition, for those purchasing breeding stock, these figures, if available, can take a lot of the guess work out of making these important, and often valuable purchases.   ijnowxz{~ДЕЖМНСТХЦЩЪЬЭЮдейкну╟▓Ы▓РtbtbtbtbtbUtbtbtbtbtbUtbtbth`"эh`"эB*KHph#h`"эh`"э5БB*\БmH phsH 7h`"эh`"э5БB*CJOJQJ\Б^JaJmH phsH h`"эh`"эB*ph,h`"эh`"э>*B*OJQJ^JmH phsH )h`"эh`"эB*OJQJ^JmH phsH 7h`"эh`"э5БB*CJ OJQJ\Б^JaJ mH phsH 7h`"эh`"э5БB*CJ OJQJ\Б^JaJ mH phsH !уф  х ц J   x 2 3 В аЬЭijoxЎЎЁыЁыЁыЁЁыЁЁыЁЁыЁыЁЁыыЁрр $$1$Ifa$gd`"э1$gd`"э $1$a$gd`"эн■x{ЕЖНТЦЪЭЇЇЇh`````$1$IfМkd$$IfФу╓rФ n 9╧ Ъ(┘ ╦╦╦╦Ў)6╓               ╓               ╓               ╓               2╓2╓ l4╓aЎyt`"э $$1$Ifa$ ЭЮеко▓╡skkkkk$1$IfМkdа$$IfФ╓rФ n 9╧ Ъ(┘ ╦╦╦╦Ў)6╓               ╓               ╓               ╓               2╓2╓ l4╓aЎyt`"эно▒▓┤╡╢╝╜┴┬┼╞╔╩╠═╬╘╒┘┌▌▐рсуфхыьЁёЇї°∙√№¤   "#&'*+,-./мэ╤э╤э─╤э╤э╤э╤э╤э─╤э╤э╤э╤э╤э─╤э╤э╤э╤э╤э─╤э╤э╤э╤э╤э─╤э╤э╤э╤э╤э─╣д)h`"эh`"эB*OJQJ^JmH phsH h`"эh`"эB*phh`"эh`"эB*KHph7h`"эh`"э5БB*CJOJQJ\Б^JaJmH phsH #h`"эh`"э5БB*\БmH phsH ?╡╢╜┬╞╩═skkkkk$1$IfМkd@$$IfФ╓rФ n 9╧ Ъ(┘ ╦╦╦╦Ў)6╓               ╓               ╓               ╓               2╓2╓ l4╓aЎyt`"э═╬╒┌▐сфskkkkk$1$IfМkdр$$IfФ╓rФ n 9╧ Ъ(┘ ╦╦╦╦Ў)6╓               ╓               ╓               ╓               2╓2╓ l4╓aЎyt`"эфхьёї∙№skkkkk$1$IfМkdА$$IfФ╓rФ n 9╧ Ъ(┘ ╦╦╦╦Ў)6╓               ╓               ╓               ╓               2╓2╓ l4╓aЎyt`"э№¤  skkkkk$1$IfМkd $$IfФ3╓rФ n 9╧ Ъ(┘ ╦╦╦╦Ў)6╓               ╓               ╓               ╓               2╓2╓ l4╓aЎyt`"э#'+-skkkkk$1$IfМkd└$$IfФ╓rФ n 9╧ Ъ(┘ ╦╦╦╦Ў)6╓               ╓               ╓               ╓               2╓2╓ l4╓aЎyt`"э-./eд╒│╢╖Юsmmmmmhmmhmmgd`"э1$gd`"эМkd`$$IfФ╓rФ n 9╧ Ъ(┘ ╦╦╦╦Ў)6╓               ╓               ╓               ╓               2╓2╓ l4╓aЎyt`"э н··gd`"эмнЇh`"эhШeiB*ph21Рh:p`"э░В. ░╞A!░╨"░ъ#Рh$Р┤%░░─░─ Р─Ю$$IfЦФ !vh5╓┌ 5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦#v┌ #v╦:V ФуЎ)6Ў5╓┘ 5╓╦/╓    2╓2╓ l4╓ yt`"эЮ$$IfЦФ !vh5╓┌ 5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦#v┌ #v╦:V ФЎ)6Ў5╓┘ 5╓╦/╓    2╓2╓ l4╓ yt`"эЮ$$IfЦФ !vh5╓┌ 5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦#v┌ #v╦:V ФЎ)6Ў5╓┘ 5╓╦/╓    2╓2╓ l4╓ yt`"эЮ$$IfЦФ !vh5╓┌ 5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦#v┌ #v╦:V ФЎ)6Ў5╓┘ 5╓╦/╓    2╓2╓ l4╓ yt`"эЮ$$IfЦФ !vh5╓┌ 5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦#v┌ #v╦:V ФЎ)6Ў5╓┘ 5╓╦/╓    2╓2╓ l4╓ yt`"эЮ$$IfЦФ !vh5╓┌ 5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦#v┌ #v╦:V Ф3Ў)6Ў5╓┘ 5╓╦/╓    2╓2╓ l4╓ yt`"эЮ$$IfЦФ !vh5╓┌ 5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦#v┌ #v╦:V ФЎ)6Ў5╓┘ 5╓╦/╓    2╓2╓ l4╓ yt`"эЮ$$IfЦФ !vh5╓┌ 5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦5╓╦#v┌ #v╦:V ФЎ)6Ў5╓┘ 5╓╦/╓    2╓2╓ l4╓ yt`"эЖЬF@ё F ШeiNormalB*KH_HmH ph33ЩsH tH DA@Є бD Default Paragraph FontRi@є │R  Table NormalЎ4╓ l4╓aЎ (k@Ї ┴(No List2■OЄ2 ШeiCM7CJOJQJaJX■Oё X ШeiDefault-B*CJKHOJQJ_HaJmH phsH tH ,■O, ШeiCM8 B*ph33Щ8■O"8 ШeiCM3dL CJOJQJaJн6    уфхцJx23ВаЬЭi j o x {  Е Ж Н Т Ц Ъ Э Ю е к о ▓ ╡ ╢ ╜ ┬ ╞ ╩ ═ ╬ ╒ ┌ ▐ с ф х ь ё ї ∙ № ¤      # ' + - 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